Ascites Gastrointestinal System • Ascites is fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity. Most common cause: cirrhosis (75%). SAAG ≥1.1 g/dL = portal hypertension. SBP (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) is a life-threatening complication. Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular System • Atherosclerosis is chronic inflammatory plaque buildup in arterial walls leading to CAD, stroke, and PAD. Risk factors: hypertension, diabetes, smoking, hyperlipidemia, family history. Chronic Kidney Disease Renal / Urinary System • CKD is kidney damage or GFR <60 mL/min/1.73m² for ≥3 months. Staged G1-G5 by GFR and A1-A3 by albuminuria. Complications: anemia, bone disease, hyperkalemia, hypertension, CVD. Glomerulonephritis Renal / Urinary System • Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomeruli. Nephritic syndrome: hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, AKI. IgA nephropathy is most common worldwide. RPGN requires emergent treatment. Hypertension Cardiovascular System • Hypertension (BP ≥130/80 mmHg per ACC/AHA 2017) is the most common cardiovascular risk factor, affecting ~50% of US adults. Increased Intracranial Pressure Neurologic System • Normal ICP: 5-15 mmHg. Elevated ICP (>20 mmHg) from TBI, stroke, hydrocephalus, tumor. Cushing triad: hypertension + bradycardia + irregular respirations = impending herniation. Liver Cirrhosis Gastrointestinal System • Cirrhosis is end-stage fibrosis from chronic liver injury (alcohol, NAFLD/NASH, viral hepatitis). Complications: varices, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatocellular carcinoma. Metabolic Syndrome Endocrine / Metabolic System • Metabolic syndrome: 3 of 5 criteria — abdominal obesity, elevated TG, low HDL, hypertension, impaired fasting glucose. Strong predictor of T2DM and CVD. Lifestyle modification is cornerstone.