Renal / Urinary System

Body Systems Renal / Urinary System
Renal overview

Renal / Urinary System

Renal and urinary conditions, evidence, coding, tests, medications, and nursing diagnoses.

Conditions

Major renal conditions

Renal 6 sections

AKI

AKI is rapid decline in kidney function (KDIGO: creatinine rise ≥0.3 mg/dL in 48h or ≥1.5× baseline in 7d, or UO <0.5 mL/kg/h × 6h). Pre-renal (most common), intrinsic, post-renal.

AKI acute kidney injury acute renal failure
Renal 6 sections

CKD

CKD is kidney damage or GFR <60 mL/min/1.73m² for ≥3 months. Staged G1-G5 by GFR and A1-A3 by albuminuria. Complications: anemia, bone disease, hyperkalemia, hypertension, CVD.

CKD chronic kidney disease chronic renal insufficiency
Renal 6 sections

ESRD

ESRD is kidney failure requiring renal replacement therapy (GFR <10). Options: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplant. AV fistula is the preferred access.

ESRD end-stage renal disease kidney failure
Renal 6 sections

UTI

UTI is bacterial infection of the urinary tract. Uncomplicated (cystitis): healthy non-pregnant women. Complicated: men, pregnancy, catheter, structural abnormality, immunocompromised.

UTI urinary tract infection cystitis
Renal 6 sections

Pyelo

Pyelonephritis is bacterial infection of the renal parenchyma. Presents with fever, flank pain, CVA tenderness, nausea/vomiting + UTI symptoms. E. coli most common organism.

pyelonephritis kidney infection upper UTI
Renal 6 sections

Kidney Stones

Kidney stones are crystalline concretions in the urinary tract. Most common: calcium oxalate (80%). Presents with severe colicky flank pain radiating to groin, hematuria, nausea.

kidney stones nephrolithiasis urolithiasis
Renal 6 sections

GN

Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomeruli. Nephritic syndrome: hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, AKI. IgA nephropathy is most common worldwide. RPGN requires emergent treatment.

GN glomerulonephritis IgA nephropathy
Renal 6 sections

PKD

PKD is genetic cyst formation in kidneys. ADPKD (autosomal dominant) most common hereditary kidney disease. Progressive CKD. Tolvaptan slows progression in rapidly progressing disease.

PKD ADPKD polycystic kidney disease
Renal 6 sections

Electrolytes

Common renal electrolyte disorders: hyperkalemia (most dangerous — K+ >5.5), hyponatremia (Na+ <135), hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia in CKD. Require prompt correction.

hyperkalemia hyponatremia electrolyte imbalance
Renal 6 sections

Rhabdo

Rhabdomyolysis is skeletal muscle breakdown releasing myoglobin, causing AKI. Causes: trauma, statin myopathy, exertional, seizures, drugs. CK >1000 U/L. Aggressive IV hydration prevents AKI.

rhabdomyolysis rhabdo myoglobinuria
Nursing diagnoses & care plans

Related nursing diagnoses

NANDA Care plans

Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans

Open the NANDA tool to review nursing diagnoses and care-plan concepts related to renal conditions.